Trabalho, Educação e Saúde - TES (Work, Education and Health) is an open access scientific journal, edited by the Joaquim Venâncio Polytechnic School of Health, from Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.
Editorial
Editorial.
Foto: Pavlofox/Pixabay
Article
The article examines recent trends in the way doctors enter the labor market in the light of the regulation of labor relations in the perception of key informants who work in the public and private sectors of the health system in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study showed that, in the perception of the interviewees, there is a growing trend of insertion of doctors as a legal entity conditioned by the regulation of labor relations and the contracting policy of establishments providing health care services. In general, the ‘pejotização’ (hiring free of labor rights/illegal hiring) of doctors was associated with the loss of autonomy of these professionals in relation to the terms of employment and the conditions for performing the work. The article concludes that the illegal hiring and insertion of doctors is presented as part of the more general movement of cheapening the workforce associated with outsourcing, and indicates that there is room for the exploitation of policies aimed at the management of workers who seek to attract and fix doctors in the Unified Health System.
Article
The Brazilian National Policy of Permanent Education in Health establishes as an assumption the centrality in the work processes to guide the qualification activities of health workers. The present study aims to discuss the trajectory of institutionalization of the National Policy of Permanent Education in Health according to the perception of the representative actors of this public policy (federal managers, state and municipal managers, and researchers), considering the 16 years of its institutionalization until the year of this study (2004-2020). This is a qualitative research, with the application of the Delphi method. The results showed that the policy is fragile regarding its implementation. Regarding the impacts, it was found that it facilitated the strengthening of the relationship between health services and educational institutions, and promoted significant changes in teamwork processes, regardless of their composition.
Article
Given the magnitude of the phenomenon of violence against children and adolescents in Brazil, which represents more than a third of the cases reported for this offense in the country, the objective of this study was to analyze the perception of health professionals about the identification and compulsory notification of cases of violence against children and adolescents in Primary Health Care. This is an exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, carried out with 14 professionals from two Family Health Units in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, in 2021. The data was collected in interviews guided by a semi-structured script and analyzed using Bardin’s analysis. The results indicate that the professionals recognize their ethical responsibility in the process of reporting violence against children and adolescents, mainly due to the family and territorial context in which they are inserted. However, there are still many challenges that interfere with the practical implications of notification in Primary Care, such as fear of violence and reprisals in the territory and lack of training. Investing in strategies to encourage reporting, in order to ensure technical and scientific support, is essential for the consolidation of the practice.
Article
The communication process is central to the doctor- atient relationship. It is a fact that to avoid dysthanasia, palliative care must be available as an alternative. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the quality of bad news communication performed by physicians from the perspective of patients in the process of finitude, comparing their rates between those in palliative care and those in dysthanasia. A quantitative research was carried out, with a non- robabilistic sample, made up of 234 cancer patients in the process of dying, coming from five hospital units in the state of Ceará, Brazil, who answered two questionnaires—one biodemographic and the other assessing communication, analyzed by means of descriptive and bivariate statistics. The results demonstrated the importance of the doctor-patient relationship. While dysthanasia patients expressed that they were better prepared for establishing adequate communication, those in palliative care reported a less negative experience regarding “communicating bad news”—the result of adequate preparation by the palliative care physician as well as effective family participation in the therapeutic decision. It is concluded that the steps of preparation for communication, transmission of information, reception and closure should be based on identifying the patients’ prior content about the disease and their expectations of information.
Article
This article aimed to characterize the profile of Primary Health Care workers and analyze occupational risk protection measures in two Brazilian states during the Covid-19 pandemic. This is a quantitative survey study, with a random sample of 259 primary care health professionals from the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo during the initial period of the pandemic. Most of the participants were female (85.3%), nursing professionals (40.6%) with a mean age of 39.1 years (SD ± 9.5), and from the state of São Paulo (73%). Descriptive analysis and Fisher’s exact test were used. As for occupational risk protection measures at work, it was found that early immunization against influenza had the highest frequency in Mato Grosso do Sul (93.8%), but 47.7% did not have access to Covid-19 testing in this state and 24.3% in São Paulo. Higher-level professionals had more access to the N95/PFF2 mask (10.2%) compared to assistants and technicians, with 6.5% and 7.8%, respectively. Possible differences were observed in the municipal administrations of the respective states, which do not seem to provide equitable access for Primary Health Care workers to protection, immunizers, and testing for SARS-CoV-2.
Article
The Extended Family Health and Primary Care Center (Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica – NASF-AB) was created in Brazil to support and expand Family Health care and management. Its performance regarding workers’ health and health and environment in rural and water territories is analyzed with families that live from artisanal fishing and peasant agriculture. This is a qualitative research that was anchored in references from the Sociology of Absences and Collective Health, in the latter’s particular approach to the relations between health, environment, and work. The research used focus groups to produce narratives of professionals from the Extended Center for Family Health and Primary Care in municipalities in the semiarid and coastal regions of the Northeast. The socioeconomic and cultural singularities of the rural and water populations were evidenced; invisibilities and potentialities about their ways of life and work; work-related burdens and diseases; and aspects of the performance of the Extended Family Health Center and Primary Care through interactions with work and the environment in these territories. The care offered to these populations partially considers their sociocultural, productive, environmental, and health specificities, and it is necessary to expand the recognition of their ways of life and work, aiming at more successful interventions on health problems and needs; which poses challenges to health education for the Unified Health System.
Article
This paper aims to analyze the implementation of black people health in the undergraduate courses of Public Health, Nursing, and Medicine at a public Brazilian university. The theoretical foundation consists of a qualitative intervention-research study, based on Black Feminist Epistemology and Black Perspective of Decoloniality. Two workshops were held with the members of the Structural Teaching Nuclei of those courses in 2019 and 2020. Despite the guidelines of the legal framework on the teaching of ethnicracial relations, it was possible to observe the incipience of training, the absence of black professors in these spaces and the presence of a faculty’s whiteness that perpetuates privileges. From the results and discussion presented, it appears that it is through emancipatory movements and thoughts in the political, cultural, pedagogical and epistemological fields that it is possible to intend ruptures in power relations and in the structures of the State.
Article
The Advanced/Open Access model has been encouraged by managers and valued by Brazilian family and community medicine as a model of clinical management in the Family Health Team. This integrative review article discusses how this technology can qualify or hinder Primary Health Care. Although it helps to promote necessary changes in agendas traditionally focused on programmatic actions, the model has a strong managerialist bias. By disregarding basic premises, its implementation may result in professional suffering and alienation from the territory and integral health care, besides reinforcing the biomedical model and social medicalization. We point out ways for ‘advanced’ not to mean ‘precipitate’, highlighting that an implementation based on dialogue among workers, managers, and users seems more coherent with the literature on Advanced Access and with the national production on Welcoming in the Unified Health System.
Article
This article analyzes the access to Primary Health Care in remote rural municipalities in Western Pará state, Brazil, discussing barriers and challenges before the specificities of Amazonian territories. This was a qualitative study in five municipalities with distinct spatial logics, based on rivers or roads. There were 58 interviews with managers, health professionals, and users, as well as visits to basic health units, in 2019. The analysis matrix contemplated: geographical accessibility, organizational accessibility, primary health care unit as first contact, and Primary Health Care in the health care network. It was identified that the geographical access barriers involve great distances, times, costs, poor road conditions, and transportation, with differentiated seasonal variation, according to fluvial or terrestrial flows. Organizational accessibility is hindered by the insufficient offer of consultations, exams, medications, restrictions on the days of operation, and itinerant actions, accentuated by the high professional turnover. The basic health units are the first contact service, but the demand is conditioned to the perceived resoluteness and satisfaction, where the performance of the community health agent stands out. The support for specialized care is precarious, with difficulties in supply, regulation, transportation, and communication. The Amazon socio- environmental scenario requires unique strategies for the supply and organization of services, reflected in specific funding.
Article
This article analyzes the possibilities and limits of interprofessional collaboration in mental health care, considering the articulations between the teams of the Extended Family Health and Primary Care Center and the Family Health Strategy in a city in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This is a qualitative research, based on the philosophical hermeneutic approach, which was based on a case study, using as methodological strategies participant observation, narrative focus groups, and semi-structured interviews. The results indicate the inseparability of structural, organizational, and intersubjective elements in interprofessional collaboration, with strong tensions regarding the organization of work processes in both their formal and intersubjective dimensions. It was identified that the sharing of some care goals, such as demedicalization, fostered the construction of partnerships among the teams. On the other hand, from the dialog with the references used, it was understood that rules constructed with the intention of inducing cooperation had a paradoxical effect, generating unimplicated participation on part of the workers. It is concluded that trust at work has proven to be a fundamental element for collaboration, which requires the configuration of an organizational environment capable of bringing together interests and dealing with conflicts.
Article
This paper aims to analyze how the degrees in Nursing, Social Work, Psychology, or Pedagogy taken by community health agents can influence their knowledge, practices, and the directions of the profession. This is a qualitative, analytical research with triangulation of methods based on the interpretation of the various subjects that dispute the profession. The article is developed in three parts: the first compares normative aspects of the professional categories; the second discusses the knowledge of community health agents after entering higher education and the influence on professional practices; and the third analyzes the syllabuses of Nursing, Social Work, Psychology, Pedagogy, and community health agents as an element of dispute and construction of professional identities. Gaps are pointed out regarding the
absence of an ethical-political project and of a teaching and research association proper to community health agents, as well as the necessary dispute of epistemologies and theoretical foundation to achieve a cognitive and professional domain more committed to the transformation of the agents as a subject and of their reality.
Article
The relevance and complexity of the work developed by preceptors in the training scenarios of the Brazilian Unified Health System has been growing in recent years. Being a preceptor is a daily construction that requires the mobilization of specific skills, but the process of its structuring and the conditions for it to be appropriated by preceptors need to be better studied. An investigation was carried out to understand how competencies are structured for the practice of preceptorship in the multiprofessional residency in health. The research is qualitative, of the case study type, with observations of activities and interviews with preceptors of a Multiprofessional Residency Program in Family and Community Health in Southern Brazil. For analysis, data triangulation and definition of thematic categories were performed after verification of observations, using the pattern combination technique, and interviews, using thematic analysis. Three groups of resources were identified: personal, institutional and programmatic characteristics; the academic and professional trajectory; the interactions in the residence and the collaboration of the multiprofessional team. The elucidation of these constitutive elements of the structuring of competences contributes for them to be explored by preceptors in their professional practice, for health institutions, by providing conditions for their development, and for them to be incorporated into health training policies.
Article
BBrazil suffers from the effects of scientific racism, the myth of racial democracy and whitening policy. In 2019, 28% of students graduating from Medicine courses in Brazil were Black. With the objectives of revealing the forms of manifestation of racism in medical graduation and understanding how Black students face racism, we conducted an exploratory and qualitative research, according to Minayo’s method, through semi-structured online interviews and analysis were carried out in ATLAS.ti9® software. With a theoretical-critical framework, we realize that the dimensions of internalized, interpersonal and institutional racism overlap, evidencing its structural character, linked to the historical-economic development of our country. Black students’ belief of inferiority is reinforced at an interpersonal level in looks, jokes or comments about their hair. At an institutional level, the need to study the health of the Black population is denied, while the low representation in the faculty and students is not perceived as an expression of racism. Racial identification, organization in collectives and the existence of legal protections are fundamental, but the effective confrontation of racism in medical schools requires a critique of the economic system that systematically privileges White people.
Article
In this article, the objective was to carry out a critical analysis of the relationship between oral health and labor. The reflection emerged from the significant increase in the search for emergency dental care in a basic health unit during the coronavirus pandemic, in which the subjects had something in common: the termination of their jobs in shoe factories. Based on critical social theory, an analysis was carried out on how labor, understood as a founding category of the social being, has its meaning emptied in capitalist societies, operating more as an obstacle to oral health in the dynamics of hired and alienated work. This is because it was possible to perceive that the newly unemployed subjects accumulated several oral health needs, such as infections and inflammations that caused suffering, until then internalized and
hidden so that they could keep their jobs in a context of imminent unemployment, thus enabling them to
continue reproducing their material life. Thinking about the relationship between oral health and work
brings us closer to understanding the health-disease process as socially determined, when exploited work
relationships materialize in ‘working mouths’. In this way, the democratization of access to oral health is
seen and understood as a right to a full life.
Article
The study that originated this article is qualitative, documentary and of historical-dialectical perspective, whose objective is to reflect on approximations and departures from the training of technicians in the health area in relation to the Brazilian Unified Health System and human formation, through the analysis of seven course plans, focusing on the professional profile of six schools (four public and two private schools) in the state of São Paulo. The analysis was based on the relationships established between professional profiles and some political-legal devices. The explanation of the Unified Health System in the description of the profiles is fragile, with no reference in most plans, except for two in nursing (one belonging to the Technical School of the Unified Health System). This weakness is in line with the national catalogs of technical courses in the versions used in the professional areas in focus. In the plans, with emphasis on technical courses in pharmacy and nutrition and dietetics, the explicit focus on the market stands out in the justifications and trends. There is appropriation of potentiating concepts of neoliberal logic, even with an indication of ‘critical training’. The proposition of human formation and in favor of the Unified Health System in technical professional education of medium level in health is challenging, considering the advances of the neoliberal logic.
Article
The work of the pharmaceutical professional in Primary Health Care is under permanent construction. This article analyzes the work performed by pharmacists in managing what is prescribed and what is actually required in primary care in the Brazilian Federal District. This is a case study, with triangulation in the collection and analysis of data, obtained through interviews and observation of the work of pharmacists from five Health Regions, resulting in three categories: structure of pharmacies; work organization; time and tasks. The study shows that the pharmacist’s performance is centered on the following groups of actions: breaks; managerial/logistics work; interruption; service to users. Tasks related to user assistance are punctual and sporadic, with the focus on management, especially logistics. Despite the structural limits of pharmacies, there are elements in the context that can favor the expansion of technical assistance activities: guaranteeing access to medicines as an ethical principle; the regulations; the learning attitude of professionals and openness to face the unusual; the connection with the needs of the Basic Health Unit team; the collective action of pharmacists and training on pharmaceutical care.
Article
This article aimed to analyze how municipal governments responded to the health crisis and what measures they developed in terms of diagnosing COVID-19 and allocating resources from Brazil’s federal sources. To this end, information from a survey with 4,061 mayors coordinated by the National Confederation of Municipalities was systematized and compared with other official databases. We concluded that, despite the lack of coordination instruments developed at the federal level, the allocation of resources and the development of policies by the municipalities were guided by the concentration of regional reference services in large and medium-sized municipalities.
Article
This article presents an analysis of the work of social workers at the Federal Institute of Education of Santa Catarina, in relation to the process of building professional identity. From the end of the 2000s onwards, there was an expansion in the number of social workers working in educational policy, with the constitution of the National Student Assistance Program and the Federal Network of Professional, Scientific and Technological Education, mainly required for the implementation of student assistance actions. The demands, requisitions and working conditions are elements that support the construction of the ethical-political project of the profession, and reflecting on such aspects makes it possible to understand reality beyond its immediate appearance. This study, based on historical-dialectical materialism, was developed based on bibliographic and documental research and on field research, using the questionnaire to collect data. The results point out limits and possibilities to the work of social workers at the Institute, demonstrating that the construction of professional identity occurs in the midst of the contradiction between the determinations of salaried work, to which social workers are subject, and the social direction that is sought to be imprinted on professional practice, with a view to materializing the professional project.
Article
Empirical studies have identified shortcomings and precariousness in the matrix support activities of the Family Health Support Centers. This article, based on diverse unsystematic experiences and selected literature, defends two interconnected theses that criticize aspects of the original federal regulations for the performance of these Nuclei: a conception – implicit in the regulations – of primary health care as a scenario for actions located only in fields of shareable competences, on the one hand; and the option of inserting these Centers relatively outside the care flow of users, on the other. It is argued that both, probably, generated adverse effects involved in the problems of operation of these Nuclei: they contributed to the overestimation of their expected results, to their underutilization and institutional underdevelopment and to the precariousness of their legitimacy, hampered by the 2017 National Primary Care Policy and seriously affected by the federal underfunding in 2019. The improvement of the Family Health Support Centers is defended and their insertion in the care flow between primary health care and the secondary care, to reduce the isolation between the two and improve the personalized coordination of care, facilitate the legitimacy of collaborative care, matrix support and the continuing education of professionals in Brazil.
Article
This study analyzed the perspective of Physical Education undergraduates on the exercise of their future profession, the labor market and gender issues. Four Focus Groups were developed, which were analyzed using the Content Analysis technique. Four categories of analysis were outlined: Condition of women, Confronting stereotypes, Perceptions about Physical Education and The Physical Education market for them. It was concluded that the students’ prospect is to face a devalued labor market and marked by inequalities between men and women.
Article
This study aimed to evaluate the work context of professionals from the Mobile Emergency Care Service in Fortaleza, Brazil. A cross-sectional and descriptive research was carried out, with the participation of a non-probabilistic sample of 229 participants from different professional categories who work in the service. Participants responded to the Work Context Assessment Scale, composed of three factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistics. The results showed that the factors analyzed in the scale – Work Organization, Socio-professional Relationships and Working Conditions – presented critical indices, which signal an alert for the risk of illness. It is concluded that the professionals of the Mobile Emergency Care Service experience a potential risk that could trigger damage to occupational health. It is recommended that measures be taken to improve the organization of work, their working conditions and their socio-professional relationships.
Article
The objective of the study was to identify the behavior of informality in Brazil and Argentina, from 2012 to 2019. The conceptual definition of informality is based on legislation and labor relations. Based on
information from official household surveys, the behavior of informality was explored according to then different sectors of economic activity and the classification of workers by income bracket. The period in question was characterized by transformations that increased the flexibility of labor relations, in a process of reconfiguration of the labor market driven by labor reforms that, in theory, would provide a reduction in the weight of informal employment in the occupational structure, as this flexibility to advance. The results do not suggest significant changes in the behavior of informality, and corroborate that this phenomenon continues to negatively affect, with greater intensity, the workers who most need social protection and guarantee of rights. Thus, the measures to make labor relations more flexible, at least considering the period under analysis, did not produce the promised results. There is also a relative convergence in the results found for the two countries.
Article
This article aims to analyze an unexpected by-product found in the master’s dissertation research entitled
The color of obstetric violence. Among the data collected in the interviews, it was noteworthy that 86% of white women could have a companion of their own choice at some point during hospitalization for childbirth. Among the black women interviewed, only 33% were authorized to exercise this same right guaranteed by Law No. 11,108 of 2005. The justification used by the health services for women who were denied the right to a companion was the implementation of control and prevention protocols in regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. In maternity hospitals where these pregnant women were hospitalized for childbirth, there was no unrestricted prohibition on the presence of a companion during hospitalization.
Institutions analyzed case by case. This subjective evaluation, without defined criteria, showed a racial bias in selectivity. These violations of the rights of parturient women can be characterized as obstetric racism.
Article
The study evaluated the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in a sample of Brazilian workers from different segments, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The correlation between the anxiety and depression scales of the screening instruments was also verified. Data were collected online using three instruments: a sociodemographic and occupational questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - Short Form and the Occupational Mental Health Inventory. A total of 503 professionals participated, of which 78.5% were female, with an average age of 41.38 years, of which 92% attended higher education and resided in the southern region of Brazil. Both scales detected a higher prevalence of anxiety symptoms in women (54.3% and 59.9%) and in single people (68.8% and 68.1%). There was a significant association between outcomes of anxiety and depression symptoms and the prevalence of two independent variables: contact with people diagnosed with COVID-19 and feeling worried about the pandemic. The Occupational Mental Health Inventory showed greater sensitivity to assess anxiety symptoms and discriminate between workers who have symptoms and those who indicate having mental health, when compared to the other instrument. Longitudinal studies are suggested to capture the longterm effects of the outcomes evaluated, in order to improve the analysis of predictors of critical and non-critical values of symptoms of mental health problems.
Article
The multiple impacts of Covid-19 on the territories where the teams of the Family Health Strategy are linked require the need to reorganize the work process. In this study, it is proposed to analyze the recommendations of the Health Department of the city of Recife-PE, aimed at reorganizing the work process in the Family Health Strategy during the Covid-19 pandemic in Recife-PE, relating them to the socio-spatial singularities of the territories where the teams are linked. Case study, developed through documentary research, with fourteen documents. The results show that the components of the work process, object, instrument, actions and purposes are centered on the disease, assuming work with an individual and clinical approach. The collective actions of promotion and surveillance are directed almost exclusively at the community health agent. In general, the recommendations do not consider the magnitude of health needs arising from the repercussions of Covid-19 and consider, in an incipient way, the socio-spatial singularities of the territories. However, the results obtained only portray the perspective of the recommendations, evidencing the need to check the operationalization, seeking to understand the directionality and breadth of the work process reorganized due to the Covid-19 pandemic and its relationship with socio-spatial singularities.
Article
The research that originated this article aimed to identify experiences of institutional support within
the scope of Primary Health Care, in order to understand how the proposal is disseminated, the limits, difficulties and results it has achieved in different contexts and realities. The mapping was carried out through documentary research in the Primary Care Community of Practice, resulting in the inclusion of 38 experience reports. The data corroborate the potential of institutional support to foster shared management practices and arrangements in the implementation of health policies and programs, in promoting changes in the teamwork process and in intra- and inter-institutional integration. It is used as a resource to transform normative indicators into social relations and organizational devices in the daily care and management of the Brazilian Unified Health System. The main challenges identified refer to resistance arising from cultural and communicational dynamics related to management concepts and practices influenced by the classical administration model, in addition to a set of operational issues that negatively affect the results achieved. The systematization of experiences made it possible for us to understand that institutional support demands complex mediation skills, which need to be better understood and implemented, especially with regard to community participation.
Article
This article analyses the transformations that have taken place in the Professional Rehabilitation Program of the Brazilian Institute of Social Security since 2009. It is considered that the aforementioned service was conceived and operated based on the so-called field of Workers’ Health, but since 2018 suffered a process of disruption. The characteristics of this process are revealed through the analysis of technical manuals of procedures (2011, 2016 and 2018), as they contain theoretical concepts, organization rules and service objectives. The article is developed in three parts that sequentially show the construction of the Workers’ Health field, its insertion in the Social Security public policy and, finally, its operationalization and its transformations through manuals of procedures. The results reveal a process of de-structuring of the program, which moves away from a multidimensional conception of worker’s health, while the biological dimension becomes central.
Article
The confrontation with COVID-19 raised the need for training in Mental Health for health, education, social protection and community leaders who work with indigenous peoples. In their daily lives, these communities already live with issues that impact mental and spiritual health, but psychological distress was even more evident in the pandemic context. The ‘Well Living: Indigenous Mental Health’ course, aimed at mitigating the psychosocial impact of COVID-19 on indigenous populations in the Brazilian
Amazon, required innovative strategies in the face of the challenge of remote learning in this context of limited connectivity and territorial isolation. The pedagogical and operational design of the course prioritized intercultural dialogue in the development of content using various teaching tools to overcome barriers to connectivity and understanding of the Portuguese language in written format. Despite the challenge of collective and intercultural production, given the ethnic diversity, the course was a space for production and exchanges between professionals from different areas and community leaders, always seeking a broader look at care practices, psychosocial support and valuing ways of health care used by communities.
Review
PORTO, Marcelo F.; ROCHA, Diogo F.; FARSANELLO, Marina T. Saúde, Ecologias e Emancipação:
conhecimentos alternativos em tempos de crise(s). São Paulo: Hucitec, 2021. 212p.
Foto: Hucitec Editora
Ensaio
This essay addresses a lacunar field in the critique of political economy: the study and dispute of the notion of person in the capitalist social bond. With this intention, we bring ‘the individual’ to focus, defending the idea that he or she configures a capitalist institution, that is, a rule of thought about the self and the other that gives consistency to society. We show, then, that this consistency can be perceived in Marx’s own analysis of capitalism, since the historical fulfillment of the meaning of labor and the logic of the
contents of the commodity require the production of essentially heteronomous subjects, submissive and driven by inequality. The individual is thus reconfigured, put in the place of a compromise solution that propagates an opposite discourse: that our individuality is an apparent mark of autonomy, independence, equality and freedom.
Ensaio
This theoretical paper analyzes the centrality of the concept of risk for epidemiological science, describing the types of risk measures and their definitions, the origin and historical development of these measures from de 17th century to the present time. Next, the phases of the historical development of the concept of risk are analyzed, from the constitution of the discipline in the 19th century, through the crossing of the threshold of scientificity, until today. After this historical review, the epistemological assumptions of the concept of risk as it is presented in epidemiology are pointed out. The polysemy of the concept in common sense knowledge and its formulation in different scientific disciplines, as well as its different connotations within the scope of epidemiology, are briefly commented on. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the concept in the so-called risk society of late modernity. We believe that this paper can be useful in the formation of health professionals, in view of its core role in epidemiology and Collective Health, not only as an articulator of theoretical propositions, but also in the orientation of practices.
Ensaio
The main objective of this essay is to problematize constitutive elements of a pedagogy of work present in the works of Paulo Freire, with emphasis on the experience recorded in the book Cartas à Guiné-Bissau. Thus, one of the ideas that I develop is that according to which Paulo Freire, when dealing with the subject of adult education, in the course of his experience as an educator, ultimately dealt with the processes of worker education, a unique heritage of critical and liberating education of the working class. Through the analysis of Guinean letters in dialogue with other works by Freire himself and authors in the field of historical materialism, the foundations of a pedagogy of work of a revolutionary nature and anti-colonial character were observed. Thus, we arrived at six main pedagogical themes related to the work category: education and productive work; the school of work; training of workers formation; education, production and health; the new collective intellectual; and pedagogy of struggle and decolonization of mentalities. ‘Flowers of the revolution’ consists of a text that celebrates Freire’s fertile theoretical-methodological legacy, inherited by the revolutionary process of Guinea-Bissau, as well as commemorating the 100th anniversary of Paulo Freire’s birth in 2021.
Review Article
The imprisonment system can be marked by a set of factors that hinder the re-socialization of the individual and the integral access to health, revealing issues that affect the assistance and hinder the performance of health professionals. Therefore, this text aims to describe the vision of professionals from different areas of health regarding the care of people deprived of liberty through the reading of articles. The integrative review was built based on a search in the Medline, PubMed, and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences databases, using the descriptors ‘education’, ‘medical’, ‘health personnel’, and ‘prisoners’, selecting articles published in the last ten years. After the exclusion step, 68 references were read in full, resulting in 13 selected studies. Three categories were defined based on the identification of the most frequent themes in the publications: stigma, barriers to care, and mental health. It is concluded that there are still important gaps in the adequate training for the care of people deprived of liberty, since stigmas and barriers in the system hinder the mental health of this vulnerable group in the scope of integral access to health.
Review Article
The concept of recovery in the field of mental health, originating from the movement of patients and families in Anglo-Saxon countries, has become relevant for the understanding of care practices, valuing those that incorporate the protagonism of users and a critical dimension of treatment methods. Aiming to investigate the different perspectives in which the concept has been understood and experienced in the context of the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform, an integrative review of the published literature in the country regarding recovery was carried out, taking as inclusion criteria texts that report or analyze concrete experiences of care and define themselves as ‘recovery based’. After an extensive search, 32 works were analyzed, including articles, dissertations and theses. The term recovery appears in the Brazilian mental health bibliography from 2011 onwards, and the works are notably concentrated in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, linked to higher education and research institutions. Much of the production does not incorporate key elements of the concept studied, such as the role of users, in addition to sometimes taking recovery as a synonym for psychosocial rehabilitation. Despite the advancement and consolidation of the field of psychosocial care in the country, the dimension of the role of users is still incipient in the Brazilian experience.
Review Article
Nursing work is in increasing demand, becoming strenuous especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the objective of the study was to assess the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of nursing professionals through a systematic review
of the literature with meta-analysis, including studies published in 2020 in Web of Science, PubMed and SciELO. Regarding the systematic review, we included 25 studies with a cross-sectional design, from 12 countries. The participants were mostly nurses or nursing teams. Mental impacts such as anxiety, depression, discouragement and a feeling of obligation to work were frequently reported by study participants. The metaanalyses included psychological distress variables, and no association was found between psychological distress and being a frontline healthcare professional (OR 0.94; 95% CI
0.33–2.67). The mental health of nursing professionals has been negatively impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic. The main symptoms presented were anxiety, depression and discouragement, and many nurses felt obliged to work on the front lines of the fight against the pandemic; although they suffer emotional impacts and work overload in health services.
Interview
Yves Schwartz is a philosopher, emeritus professor at the Aix-Marseille Université, France, he was a full professor at the University of Porto, Portugal, and founding president of the International Society of Ergology (ISE). Member of the scientific committee of European and Brazilian journals and of several scientific societies. Member of the Centre de Recherche sur le Travail et le Développement (CRTD) of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Cnam), Paris, France. The vast work of Yves Schwartz brings a fundamental theoretical and methodological contribution to support studies on human action that help us to know, understand and intervene in work. This interview was carried out in the context of the covid-19 pandemic, which requires even more reflection on human activity. In this interview, we seek to know how ergology emerged and highlight its contributions to that reflection and to the understanding of the challenges related to labor management.
Conjuncture Note
The COVID-19 pandemic began in Brazil in March 2020. Since then, there have been several disagreements and disputes between health professionals, researchers and regulatory bodies about prescribed treatments for this infection. Given this scenario, this note proposes to discuss medical autonomy in the described context, based on official documents of the Brazilian Federal Council of Medicine, produced between 2020 and 2021, considering the mentioned therapeutic possibilities. As a result, three official documents were obtained that show that the only form of ‘autonomy’ is ‘medical autonomy’, while the ‘patient autonomy’ is not evidenced in terms of the adoption of therapies. We did not observe discussions in the documents about the bioethical principle of non- aleficence and that of autonomy itself. In this way, it can be seen that the appreciation of ‘medical autonomy’, without considering the knowledge/doings of patients, nor the scientific findings, can promote misunderstandings and harm the principles of medical practice.
Conjuncture Note
O texto debate o negacionismo científico com base em duas referências principais. A primeira é de ordem epistemológica e remete ao discurso pós- moderno sobre a ciência, com sua relativização dos critérios de busca e definição da verdade. Compreende, no entanto, que, contemporaneamente, esse fenômeno ultrapassa os espaços de discussão científica, atingindo o conjunto da sociedade. Para dar conta dessa particularidade, tem, como segunda referência, discussões sobre o processo de formação de opiniões, concepções de mundo e convicções do que o filósofo italiano Antonio Gramsci chamou de ‘homem do povo’. São usados, para esse fim, o conceito de senso comum, do mesmo pensador e militante sardo, e a teorização de Agner Heller sobre como a adesão aos diferentes conhecimentos que atravessam o cotidiano das pessoas depende de sentimentos de identidade como a fé (não religiosa) e a confiança que, segundo a autora, têm motivações e efeitos distintos. Defende, por fim, que é preciso reafirmar a objetividade como um critério da ciência no debate epistemológico, mas que é igualmente necessário enfrentar esse problema no terreno da luta de classes, fortalecendo relações orgânicas de identidade e confiança como parte da disputa de hegemonia.
Acknowledgements