Trabalho, Educação e Saúde - TES (Work, Education and Health) is an open access scientific journal, edited by the Joaquim Venâncio Polytechnic School of Health, from Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.
Editorial
Article
This article aims to bring together theoretical subsidies for a critical approach to the territorialization practices that are provided for in the Health System's Primary Health Care and to offer a few practical elements to guide its expansion through the incorporation of new views and environmental and worker health issues, as proposed in the territory. To achieve this, the territory and territorialization concepts are questioned based on different notions in order to dialogue with the attributions and challenges of Health Surveillance and, in particular, of the Family Health Strategy. The production-labor, health-environment relations are discussed with regard to their relevance for the understanding of the living dynamics of the health-disease process in the territory. Finally, a few steps that can contribute to the reorganization and expansion of the territorialization practices in Primary Health Care are presented.
Article
Given the need for guidelines for oral health technicians (OHT) to undertake their activities, prior to Act 11889/2008, which regulated this category's professional practice, a research-action was carried out in 2008 at 12 health centers and involved 350 users, 22 OHTs, and 22 dentists. The goal was to systematize the OHTs' attributions in the city of Belo Horizonte. This was a qualitative study, based on interviews, focus groups, workshops, and participant observation. The content analysis technique was used to carefully examine the information, and the following categories were gathered based on it: practice substantiation and action standardization; professional appreciation and resistance strategies; progress made and challenges; and research-action mode. Transforming the work place into a place of learning allowed for advances such as cooperation and co-responsibility. Good supervision by the dentist has provided quality to the work done by the OHTs, even in the atraumatic restorative treatment.
Article
The purpose of this article is to present the perspective of students who were completing the college of Dentistry about their learning in the Collective Oral Health area, and to get to know their perception about the Single Health System (SUS). Almost all of the students mentioned the importance of the content that was worked on in Public Oral Health, acknowledged that the way their professors approached the issue was appropriate, noted the positive aspects of the SUS, and saw a real prospect of entering this field of work. However, most of them are more interested in traditional clinical activities, even while considering entering the SUS. This is possibly driven by the large amount of clinical subjects offered by the colleges of Dentistry. In order for the SUS to be effective, it is essential to get health professionals involved in strengthening social control, particularly in the alliance with the population and in service management. Because of this, training in Dentistry must deepen its discussion regarding those factors and about the enhanced clinic perspective, allowing the achievements made by the SUS to afford concrete benefits both to healthcare professionals, while performing their function of transforming the social reality, and to the population in the conquest of their constitutional rights.
Article
The purpose of this article is to analyze the meaning of labor for adolescents who frequent a non-governmental organization (NGO) that aims to offer vocational and technical training and seeks inclusion in the form of paid internships for disadvantaged young people. To grasp the meaning of labor, interviews were carried out among thirty adolescents who were associated with this NGO and were working. An automated content analysis, using the Alceste® software, was applied to examine the interviews. The analysis points to three categories of discourse, with positive and negative aspects of labor: careers, in which work appears as an avenue for social mobility; work, leisure, and family, in which labor is seen as a means to provide for themselves and their families; personal project, in which it is associated with responsibility and social participation.
Article
In this article, we analyze pieces published by the Folha de S.Paulo newspaper, in 2005, about assisted reproduction (in vitro fertilization and other techniques). The analysis is done from two angles. First, we examine what information is disclosed to the public about assisted reproduction, focusing on reproductive rights, on public and private access to assisted reproduction technologies, the interests involved, and the risks of these technologies. We found that there was no discussion regarding the laws that guarantee free access to assisted reproduction in Brazil, despite the approval, that year, of the National Policy on Sexual and Reproductive Rights. The reports emphasize the private nature of access to reproductive technologies and confront the commercial interests involved. They highlight the technological progress that has been made, such as universal benefits, but do not discuss how social inequalities affect access to these technologies and treatments. In the sparse reference to the risks associated with the procedures, they highlight multiple pregnancies which, paradoxically, affect poorer couples. Secondly, we questioned what kind of non-formal education is provided through the newspaper articles on assisted reproduction. The articles that were reviewed play both the role of disseminating the issue scientifically and the more traditional role the media play as opinion makers.
Article
This reflection questions the discourse and practice surrounding the ethical education of health professionals and, more particularly, of dentists, situating the current state of deployment of the National Curriculum Guidelines in Brazilian Higher Education. The goal is to point to a few limits and possibilities for an ethical education in line with the new professional profile that is sought.
Article
The aim of this article is to get to know and understand the health needs, through one's self-perception of the state of health and disease, considering the social inequalities there are in the rural town of Rincão dos Maia, Canguçu, Rio Grande do Sul. The method triangulation approach was used. Twenty subjects were interviewed in the qualitative design. The sample was intentional, illustrative of the different life situations, and the analysis was thematic. The results indicated that the feeling of being ill is strongly tied to how one experiences the disease, in view of the inability this state brings about, whether physical or mental. Alternating between feeling sick or healthy comes from the practical verification of the fact that no state is continuous. Observing the natural environment signals just how tenuous the states of health and disease in fact are. The 'life situation,' compiled based on the living conditions and on the mobilization of social resources, showed that despite the economic differences, this group was socially cohese, especially in its farmer cultural matrix. The need to consider the meaning of the health and disease phenomenon as an indispensable tool to formulate health prevention and promotion programs for the rural population is therefore emphasized.
Review
Review
Ensaio
The sociological debates that arose in the 1970s and in the following decades, structured in response to the perceived crisis of Marxism, are based on a common assumption, namely, the ineffectiveness of Marxist theory and of its fundamental analytical categories to understand the heterogeneous reality of the contemporary societies. The diagnosis is simple: the social class, labor, and class struggle concepts could no longer stand up to the social dynamics of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The main objective of this perspective, however, focuses not on finding the problem, rather on generalizing it to the entire Marxist literature. If, on one hand, the criticism of the notions of social class, labor, and political struggle limited to the factory is fundamental, on the other, it cannot be regarded as a moment of overcoming the Marxist theoretical problem. In this essay, I intend to clarify the starting point and the boundaries of the theories about the non-centrality of labor and about immaterial labor as a central productive force in which I will make a reading of social classes, labor, and of the political struggle unlike that which is criticized by the theses that make up these debates.
Debate
With Gramsci's analysis of the transformations the human worker underwent in capitalism in the early 20th century as a starting point, this article seeks to point to aspects of how such transformation processes are taking place in capitalism in the early 21st century. To achieve this, we approach the transition from muscular and energetic problem of substituting human for machine labor to the cognitive and informational issue of control in the man-machine couplings. From Taylor's tamed gorilla to Nicolelis' monkey, the forms of subsumption of the worker to capital changed, but not the actual subsumption.
Debate
This essay discusses the notion of subjectivity under which the neurosciences operate, but also points to what has been the main topic and goal of this subject in the 21t century: the idea that thinking broadly and subjective experiences can be understood and explained by the activity of our neurons. The mainstream version of the studies on the brain part from the premise - which they do not argue - that thought derives from the cerebral functions and is basically determined by it. If I think as I do, if I feel what I feel, if I do what I do, in sum, if I am as I am, it is because my brain is how it is. Thus, I find myself condensed and trapped in this organ, turned into a pilot of myself. We investigate this issue, highlighting the statistics on psychotropic drug use, the history of the connection between the brain and thought and, finally, the research programs in neuroscience.
Debate
The goal is to discuss in what regard the discourse of neuroscience about the brain produces a particular notion of personhood. In particular, I investigate authors and texts that disseminate science. The idea of the 'brain as a person' is repeated in several formats in books written by renowned neuroscientists designed to reach their specialist pairs, as well as to establish and expand the number of people who become intrigued about how the brain works. I postulate, to contribute to the debate, the idea that a 'cerebralism' - a physicalist conception of person that relates the brain and the individual - is a central feature in the notion of the modern person.
Debate
The text discusses the possibility of integrating the significant advances made in neuroscience as components of disciplinary knowledge in professor training courses. From the perspective that was adopted, this knowledge, which underlies a pedagogical knowledge, provides theoretical support for teaching, since understanding how the brain works allows for a better understanding of learning and for the consequent improvement of the didactic transposition. As a result, there is a need to revise the curricular frameworks of professor training courses, especially those involved in issuing teaching degrees, pointing, as an alternative, to the inclusion of new subjects or to the restructuring of existing ones, aiming to facilitate dialogue among neuroscience, teaching, and learning.
Debate
This essay pinpoints four key issues that are central to the epistemology of cognition-oriented neurosciences: the multiple levels of analysis in the study of the brain functions, the confrontation between the computational and dynamicist models; the proper treatment of the interactions among the brain, the body, and the environment; and the philosophical problems encountered in the attempts made to build a neurobiological theory of conscious and human language processes.
Experience Report
Health professionals should be encouraged to gain independence in the search for, selection, and use of information to solve daily problems. Furthermore, they should be encouraged to reflect on the events that were experienced, to pursue the reconstruction of the path that was followed, and to give them a new meaning. This article presents a learning experience graduate students had during the process of evaluating Brazilian sites on drugs of abuse. After ascertaining the great amount of information on drugs of abuse and the lack of criteria in discussing them on the Internet, a research process got underway that triggered the preparation of a protocol to assist in the process of selecting Brazilian sites that address the drugs of abuse issue.