Trabalho, Educação e Saúde - TES (Work, Education and Health) is an open access scientific journal, edited by the Joaquim Venâncio Polytechnic School of Health, from Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.
Editorial
Editorial
Article
This article examines the knowledge and use of herbal medicines by physicians in the Family Health Strategy at Caicó, state of Rio Grande do Norte (Northeast Brazil). This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach carried out with nine physicians in January and February 2011 using semistructured interviews. The data were subjected to thematic content analyses: the respondents' profiles; the physicians' knowledge about herbal medicines, and the use such physicians made of herbal medicines. Most respondents (77%) reported knowing herbal medications and recommend them to Strategy users; however, knowledge on this topic was limited. Sixteen herbal medicines were mentioned, with the highest applicability rate for Ansiopax and Calman, prescribed for anxiety disorders and insomnia. The importance of having integrative, complementary practice approaches in place in undergraduate healthcare courses was evident, as was the need for investments in training human resources, by offering continuing education in health and ensuring basic support (physical and structural) for the deployment, maintenance, and consolidation of the National Policy for Medicinal and Herbal Plants.
Article
This study undertook a systematic review of the scientific literature and of the regulatory framework to pinpoint key theoretical and conceptual ideas on health education management in Brazil in the period of 20032009. The management of the National Health System points to the need of training managers and professionals to work in the industry from the moment they graduate, including teaching-service integration and professional training in the workplace. After applying the inclusion criteria, 16 articles and six ordinances were included in the review. Insofar as health education management is concerned, the debate revolves around two main concepts, permanent education and continuing education centered, respectively, on the academic model and in team learning, inherent to the groups of workers. The analysis of the scientific literature and of the regulatory framework suggests that conceptual transformations challenge all players in health to a theoretical-conceptual break away and subjective stance, extending beyond a position of 'human resource,' undertaker of tasks, and reaching a subject capable of reflecting on the work processes.
Article
This article examines the ethical dimension of the professional training of dentistry students. Using a qualitative approach, interviews were carried out among professors and students, observations were made of academic activities, and focus groups were held with students from two courses. By means of the analysis categories associated with the hidden curriculum, it was possible to note the values that are more or less present in the professional socialization process involved in conflicts of interest, in matters of area prestige, in the power of the dynamics of interpersonal relationships, as well as in the models in which students reflect on their identity. Discussing and reflecting on these findings allow one to make progress in understanding the complexity of factors that make up the 'actual curriculum' and shape the ethical dimension of vocational training, which is so important to develop future professionals-citizens who are ethically sensitive and socially competent.
Article
This article describes the model of primary health care in Venezuela: Misión Barrio Adentro I. This is a case study analyzing documents, observation guidelines, and interviews obtained in the field during the months of July and August, 2006. The results show that Misión Barrio Adentro is taking shape rapidly, with the construction of popular practices and the development of the National Public Health System, which ensure references and counterreferences. The process is based on teamwork, under which healing activities predominate, with prevention activities and strong community participation. Although the goals are being achieved, they have been poorly documented. This study allowed knowledge concerning the different models of primary health care deployed in Latin America in a context of social transformation to be enhanced.
Article
The teaching-service integration commissions play an important role in the realization of the National Policy for Continuing Education in Health. The purpose of this qualitative, descriptive study was to get to know the factors that enhance or weaken the construction and development of regional plans for continuing education in the view of the members participating in the teaching-service integration commissions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (South Brazil). The participant sample was comprised based on the purposeful, intentional or deliberate method. The results show the importance of such commissions in the development of regional plans for continuing health education. The professionals' participation and involvement and the structuring of the services are considered facilitating factors. Limiting factors, meanwhile, are difficulties in coordination, participation, and personal and institutional involvement, in addition to the participation of the managers. The managers' involvement in the process is dual: their knowledge and involvement are considered facilitating factors, while ignorance and failure to facilitate insertion in the educational process are seen as harmful to the development of the process as a whole.
Article
This study presents the difficulties, challenges, and overcoming of nurses of the Family Health Strategy in the practice of health education. Eight professionals from family health teams of the municipality of Montes Claros, state of Minas Gerais (Southeast Brazil), were interviewed based on unstructured interviews. The data were transcribed and analyzed pursuant to the discourse technique. The results were grouped into analysis categories. In these subjects' view, there are difficulties in the teamwork process, barriers in the physical structure, and a lack of material resources at the healthcare facilities. They also report inconsistencies in the relationship with the users when undertaking health education. A dialectical movement of reality is noted because, while there are difficulties to be overcome, substantial advances have been made with new practices that may potentially transform the reality being studied. The dynamic nature of the change process is taken into account, with its advances and setbacks, which translate into a reality that is constantly under construction.
Article
The purpose of this study was to get to know the vision of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) team members concerning the ideal characteristics a dentist must have to work under this model. The study used a qualitative approach and the focus group technique to collect data. Focus groups were conducted with community health agents, nursing assistants, nurses and physicians from the FHS of Goiânia, Goiás, who had worked with oral health teams for at least a year. Data were analyzed using thematic content analyses. In the view of the professionals who were interviewed, dentists, as well as other FHS professionals, must have professional skills to work in the field of public health and interpersonal skills characterized by the ability to communicate, have good relationships, ethics, creativity in tough situations, and emotional balance. These characteristics lead to vocational training focused on the principles of the Unified Health System the National Humanization Policy.
Article
This article discusses what management professionals think about the continuing health education processes in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco (Northeast Brazil), describing the actions and relating them to the concepts of permanent or continuing education. It originated from a case study that used semistructured interviews made with seven managers. Content analysis was the method chosen to process the data. Permanent health education has been used as a tool to implement new work devices in primary health care. Results point to its use by management as a tool to change the working process. A few departments of the Recife Municipal Health Secretariat appropriated themselves more properly of the permanent health education concept, while others see it as equal to continuing education. The actions arose from difficulties at work, from what management has defined as important to train workers, and from what the universities have noted as demands for professional qualification. A few devices cited were the matrix support, institutional support, and the unique therapeutic project. The difficulties faced to improve the actions were fragmentation and the lack of prioritization of continuing health education by a few management professionals.
Review
Democracia, federalismo e centralização no Brasil. Marta Arretche. Rio de Janeiro, Editora FGV/Editora Fiocruz, 2012, 232 p.
Ensaio
This essay addresses the intentions and theoretical and political developments surrounding the use of the term 'exclusion' and its counterpart, inclusion. It addresses the conceptual statute of the expression 'social exclusion' and its association with a 'new social issue' and concepts such as citizenship and poverty. It points to the potential explanatory, transformative use of the concept of 'secondary expropriations' to reflect on the diversity of contemporary social situations that express the structural inequality of the capitalistic system. Additionally, it seeks to pinpoint the debate on issues that are linked with the notion of social exclusion, such as the end of the centrality of work, the new morphology of the working class, and the composition of the reserve army. It concludes by breaking down questions that update the demand for the deepening of fundamental Marxian categories.
Review Article
This article presents the outcome of an integrative literature review on health education and citizenship that sought to understand and analyze the different scientific contributions available. Health education reflects a strategy that seeks a citizen who is a coauthor of the process of building his or her own health care. The LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Center Health Sciences Information) database was used to collect the data in the period ranging from 2000 to 2011, with a total of 79 publications. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final sample consisted of ten articles. The study revealed the prevalence of article studies with more than three authors - predominantly professors -, and of theoretical reviews. The categories that emerged from the study were health education - historical background and conceptual foundations, and popular education as an engine for citizenship. The evidence showed the historical process of the health policies and the emergence of social movements targeting the needs of the population. They also highlighted that continuing health education allows for the construction of new knowledge by blending scientific and popular knowledge. The literature shows relevant contributions on health education, as it is an emancipatory practice of the subject acting as a space that generates citizenship.
Experience Report
Este texto relata a experiência de formação comum que ocorre desde 2007 no campus Baixada Santista da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, no terceiro semestre de graduação, do eixo curricular trabalho em saúde. A experiência articula estudantes e docentes de diferentes áreas profissionais: educação física, fisioterapia, nutrição, psicologia e terapia ocupacional. São apresentadas as diretrizes e estratégias de organização do módulo 'Prática clínica integrada: análise de demandas e necessidades de saúde', que adota a produção de narrativas de histórias de vida e de questões de saúde de pessoas selecionadas por docentes em conjunto com as equipes da rede de serviços do município de Santos, São Paulo. As narrativas foram produzidas em encontros quinzenais dos estudantes com as pessoas acompanhadas em suas residências e de supervisões com os docentes. Realizouse análise de conteúdo de 120 relatórios de conclusão do módulo elaborados pelos estudantes nos anos de 2007 e 2008 visando identificar efeitos dessa proposta de formação. A elaboração de narrativas favoreceu aos estudantes ampliar a capacidade de escuta e a percepção da complexidade do processo saúdedoençacuidado, bem como de outros aspectos do que se tem denominado de 'clínica comum' às diversas profissões em saúde.