Trabalho, Educação e Saúde - TES (Work, Education and Health) is an open access scientific journal, edited by the Joaquim Venâncio Polytechnic School of Health, from Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.
Editorial
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Article
The risks of precariousness and greater vulnerability of young people to the restrictive economic and financial policies of the last years in Portugal are significant changes in their educational and professional pathways. Transitions to the job market become uncertain and subjective, compromising young people’s ability to project their future and career opportunities. This article highlights the differentiation processes that create visible social inequalities in the professional transition itineraries. Combining a methodology that articulates official statistics and empirical evidence from studies, we carried out a critical analysis of the weaknesses of the Portuguese education system and labor market in the context of the European Union. Among the main results, we highlight the weaknesses of youth insertion, visible in the higher incidence of unemployment, precarious jobs and greater restriction in access to the protection of social rights. The (new) risks increase, emphasizing the individualization in the processes of recruitment and lack of careers and planning of the professional future, which contributes to an aggravation of (inter) generational and social inequalities in relation to work and employment.
Article
This article aimed to reflect on the conceptual basis of permanent education in health, in the light of the concepts of reproduction, de Bourdieu, and counter-hegemony, of Gramsci. It critically analyzes the interfaces of permanent education in health with the policy, management and organization of health services, as well as the counter-hegemonic processes, in the creation of spaces to promote transformations in health practices. It also seeks to raise a set of hypotheses that enable studies on permanent education in health, its challenges and potentialities within the scope of Brazilian Unified Health System implementation.
Article
The article discusses the social differentiations presented as challenges to the community health agents in their daily work. The study consisted of analyzing the social configurations built in the assigned territory, based on the agents’ action. We highlight the analytical tools that allow us to understand the different patterns of social stratification between groups belonging to the same socioeconomic environment. The research method adopted was based on the qualitative approach through ten semi-structured interviews and follow-up with a family clinic in Rio de Janeiro, in 2016 and 2017 using socio-ethnographic techniques. The results point to the existence of difficulties that prevent the adherence of the population to the services offered by the family clinic, as well as the identification of groups with differences in power and prestige. The question is reiterated about how health teams deal with specific social configurations. It is concluded that the relationships established in the space which circumscribes family health units need to be constantly monitored to identify possible differences in adherence resulting from the specific social configurations of the population enrolled in health services.
Article
We present lessons that have resulted from formation activities of managers conducted in Portugal in the context of primary health care reform and in the Portuguese-speaking African countries, regarding planning and management of hospital services. and public health. We describe three action-formation programs conducted by the International Public Health Unit of the Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine-Lisbon, with the support of Portuguese and international partners such as the World Health Organization, and the Institute of Social Medicine of Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. The programs were developed on the basis of identifying participants’ skills needs and focused on solving concrete problems in order to help managers address the difficulties inherent in reform processes. Despite their intrinsic value, they are not sufficient by themselves, as other mechanisms such as the continued monitoring of managers, incentive systems consistent with the objectives of reforms, tools and resources (funding, information systems, qualified staff) are always needed and sufficient to implement the changes. In addition, the sustainability of capacity-building interventions needs continued support from policy makers.
Article
This article aimed to analyze the learner’s acting-learning and the educating-acting of the educators in the teaching-learning movement in an Intermediate Level Technical Course in Nursing promoted by the School of Technical Formation in Health of Brazilian Unified Healht System. The methodology had a qualitative, exploratory, case study approach, anchored in Paulo Freire’s framework. Twelve students and five teachers participated in this study, with data collected from December 2014 to September 2015 through semi-structured interviews, observations recorded in a field diary and document analysis. The use of innovative and problematizing methodologies showed that the dialogue provided the construction and strengthening of bonds, contextualization of the theoretical content based on the territory and the students’ reading of the world in search of a dialogical relation. The formative potential of Freire’s thinking guided reflection on practice in dialogues, with a view to constituting emancipatory educational processes. We conclude that the dialogue provided a close relationship between educators and learners, revealing itself as an idea/force, favoring the sensitive and critical dynamics that permeated and constituted the teaching-learning movement for students in a context of social vulnerability.
Article
This text aimed to share questions and reflections provoked by the challenge of organizing the syllabus project, in cycle regime, of the health courses of the universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia. Inspired by the American University system, which has colleges as the initial level of training, the first cycle of the health course is composed of an Interdisciplinary Bachelor in Health, lasting three years, and a proposal for training teachers for high school with a focus on Health Promotion, Quality of Life and Inclusive Education, still in preliminary phase of elaboration, reinforcing the integration of the university into the general system of education. The inspiration is the work and life of Anísio Teixeira, which reveals itself in two planes: in his project of a Popular University and in the concept of the democratic school, incorporated as a practical effect in the model of Escola Parque, especially in the themes of integral, inclusive education, founded on concrete practices. Regarding the teaching-learning processes present in the Anisian work, the text highlights the value of critical pedagogies founded on the ability to ‘learn by doing’ and the role of science and technology as a cultural distinctive of modernity.
Article
The article discusses researches carried out in Portugal and in Brazil on professional knowledge respectively of social workers and health technicians, supported by the concept of sociocognition — the knowledge implied in social experience — whose analytical sense requires to identify work situations, practical and cognitive competences or modes of cognition that structure and sustain the action of workers in their situations. Such elements of professional work were organized into a typology of situational sociocognition. Professional knowledge, with a predominantly tacit character, is equivalent to the knowledge produced and mobilized in these situations. The first research carried out in Brazil, in this sense, was done with Technicians in Oral Health, after which the analysis was, in some aspects, extrapolated to the team of Family Health team technicians. Among the results, it is possible to emphasize that the main practical competence demonstrated by the studied technicians is the embracement, whereas the mode of cognition or cognitive competence that manifests the most is of an associative or selective intuitive character. Practical experience tends to be more recognized than technical training, although ethnographies of professional knowledge may help to make the relation between these two dimensions of professional work more explicit.
Article
This is a narrative review of literature identifying different theoretical approaches that have been used in the discussion about health work. Our objective was to update the knowledge about this theme by mapping the different methodological strategies. The bibliography was organized according to three diferents perspectives of analysis: Market — the subjects of labor seen as a productive force, State — the subjects of labor understood as the link between State and Society, and Activity — the subjective dimension of work. This strategy made possible an integrated vision of the field, pointing out the different but complementary methodological paths for the analysis of work in the public health sector.
Ensaio
The increasing complexity of health needs that require expanded and contextualized approach and the organization of networked services has motivated revisiting the concept of teamwork, the team-integration and grouping typology and its attributes. Effective teamwork is an expression, on the one hand, of the articulation of the actions of the various areas from the recognition of their interdependence and, on the other, of the indispensable complementarity between instrumental and communicative action. It is noteworthy that teamwork is also an expression of the social division of labor and the transmutation of technical differences into unequal social value of specialized work of different professions and, therefore, of their agents. The contradictions present in work processes, in their substantiation with health needs, may be limited to reiterating the dominant models of health care or seeking to overcome them through reflective and dialogical mediations of team workers among themselves and with users, families and population. Finally, teamwork is one of the forms of interprofessional work together with interprofessional collaboration and collaborative practice, and this collaboration can take place in the team or in networking with users and the community.
Ensaio
This paper aimed to highlight the relationships between concepts dear to education, based on the intersection between the professional fields of education, communication and management focused on public health. To make such syntheses possible, we invest in the creation of the concept of ‘school life’, going back to the documents and activities within the Brazilian Public Health School Network, where this expression would have emerged awaiting definitions appropriate and neighborhoods. Through this concept, we discuss some of the most fundamental aspects and mediations to modern conceptions of Education and the role of health schools in our country.
Ensaio
The objective of this essay was to analyze how ideologies and public policies influence the syllabus of undergraduate health courses. The technification of higher education is discussed, in which undergraduate courses in health present a specialized, fragmented and productivist logic of health care, and whose syllabi allow the uncritical reproduction of the hegemonic worldview. In this path we build the professional identities of individuals whose social representations are influenced by this system of values, ideas and prescriptions that penetrate the subjectivity of the students. However, as the educational process is dialectical and contradictory, domination does not suppress resistance; spaces of counter-ideological struggle are discussed in the article, as well as the challenges in building a syllabus that values students’ knowledge and stimulates critical awareness for social transformation. This perspective would allow the construction of a more plural and dynamic political environment in which one can perceive the university as a more comprehensive, socially committed, and coherent formation space with the guidelines of the Brazilian Unified Health System.
Interview
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