Trabalho, Educação e Saúde - TES (Work, Education and Health) is an open access scientific journal, edited by the Joaquim Venâncio Polytechnic School of Health, from Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.
Editorial
Article
This study examined the creation and implementation of local health councils in the municipality of Anchieta, state of Espírito Santo, Brasil. The goal was to identify the factors that supported or limited their effective participation in the context of the local Unified Health System. Using a qualitative approach, 13 interviews were carried out among the council members. Content analysis was used to show three categories worked on in this text: To be or not to be a health counselor? That is the question!; Non-belonging and non-participation; and local health Councils: links, means, and mediations. It was concluded that counselors face major difficulties that end up distorting the desired paths of social participation in the scope of the National Health System. Therefore, it is essential that there is political will, support for effective participation, and education programs for the citizenship of the actors involved in these forums so that they can exercise their roles to the fullest extent.
Article
The pedagogical preparation of educators in the health area, in the face of the demands of contemporary education and of the Brazilian curriculum guidelines, is directly related to the training of professionals to meet the needs of the Unified Health System. Based on this premise, this study investigates the training profile, the bases of the action, and the pedagogical planning of the professor of nursing who is the advisor of the internship in Collective Health at colleges in two mid-western municipalities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, under the light of the public policies of education and health. The data obtained were submitted to thematic content analysis. The analysis showed that the pedagogical practice of the 11 professors surveyed was influenced by the institutional culture of Brazilian higher education. Routine activities were modeled based on biological science contents, organized under the aegis of nursing care; on oral and reproductive biomedical techniques; on the disarticulation between theory and practice, and on the isolation of teaching. It was concluded that the teaching skills in the educational, organizational, and relational dimensions need to be enhanced towards the planning of pedagogical action, approaching the theoretical and philosophical references of the UHS and contemporary education, seeking an integrated, collective, democratic, and practice promoting health and quality of life.
Article
The political-pedagogical project emerges as a dynamic instrument of the changes that are desired and necessary to the training of health professionals, together with the organization of the health system and aiming at comprehensive care and at overcoming the fragmentation that is characteristic of the biomedical paradigm. This study aimed to analyze the training provided in a course on nutrition based on the students' representations about the strengths and weaknesses of the political-pedagogical project being instituted, in dialog with the one already instituted. There were focus groups with 46 students. The data collected were treated by means of content analysis, and the interpretation was subsidized by the political-pedagogical project that had already been constituted for the course. The professors' training and performance, the coordinating disciplines, the course completion project methodology, early contact with the practice, and the conducting of educational seminars emerged as the potentialities of the training process. The small number of professors trained in nutrition in the early stages of the course and the lack of contextualization of a few of the subjects were seen as weaknesses. Based on the strengths and weaknesses pointed out, it was concluded that significant progress has been made towards the desired profile for the graduates. Pursuing a teacher training process that can produce a new qualitative leap to draw the instituted and instituting closer together remains a challenge.
Article
The purpose of this article was to discuss the interrelations between the reports from the National Health Conferences and the proposals submitted in official Unified Health System documents regarding human resource training and development, seeking to relate them to the incorporation of new pedagogical frameworks guided by active teaching-learning methods. The study presented here was exploratory, referring to research done on the literature in the areas of health and education for the period ranging from 1941 – when the 1st National Health Conference was held – to 2007, when decree No. 1996 GM/MS. This decree was enacted setting new guidelines and strategies for the implementation of the National Policy of Continuing Education in Health, in order to highlight the importance of training human resources to consolidate the Unified Health System. It was found that there is a correlation between the claims emerging from the social needs identified in the construction of the Unified Health System and the proposals contained in the relevant legislation. It is worthy of note that the success of continuing education projects depends on the deep intertwining between educational processes and ins-titutional intervention that address the complexity of the ways of doing health.
Article
The study aimed to get to know the changes taking place in the work process resulting from permanent health education. It was a qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory research project. The interviewees were nurses working in health services at five basic health units and five hospitals in ten cities of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2011 and 2012. The results indicated that the research subjects’ knowledge on continuing education was limited and, in general, they were unaware of how educational activities are evaluated. It is concluded that education at work, in the researched segment, was carried out in a compartmentalized, timely, and unsystematic manner, and that the evaluation of educational activities did not contribute to improving the educational process.
Article
This article aims to present an analysis of the process of implementing continuing education in health in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, considering the impasses that hinder the development and feasibility of this process. The discussion is based on the qualitative research technique, and the data were produced through semi-structured interviews submitted to the subjects connected to continuing education in health in the city. The results showed that education mode was weakened mainly on account of the breakdown of municipal policies because of alternating governments. Nevertheless, the research showed that the city also had potential to implement the continuing education in health, such as representativeness in the joint discussion committees. It is suggested that the idea of creating a center be resumed, since, as seen in the literature, forming such centers was an effective tool to implement permanent health education in several other locations.
Article
This article aimed to analyze the contributions made by “Permanecer SUS” (Remain UHS), a State Department of Health of Bahia (Brazil) program for training students and future health professionals. The study was conducted based on a qualitative approach from the institutional ethnography perspective. Data were obtained through structured interviews carried out with twenty health students participating in the program in 2015. The results showed the effectiveness of the Permanecer SUS (Remain UHS) program. The study found there is a need to value interdisciplinary teamwork, to dismantle networks, and the need for approaches to train these students in humanization and acceptance. In contrast, it was found there is a lack of understanding on networks among health professionals already working at the unit, something that can hinder comprehensive care. It was concluded that the Permanecer SUS (Remain UHS) program provides opportunities for dialog, reinterpretation of training, and for communications among team members and future health professionals, encouraging students to work in networks in the Unified Health System.
Article
Carried out in public schools in different environmental and educational contexts of Belém, state of Pará, Brazil, the study presented was designed to create a possible methodological approach to be reproduced by any primary or secondary school in the Amazon, generating information about the human-animal-environment interactions and the progress made in ecological awareness among the students. Five quantitative indicators were tested: ‘Distinction between wild and domestic animals,’ ‘Animals on the plate,’ ‘Student-animal proximity,’ ‘Feelings regarding the fauna,’ and ‘Student absence justifications.’ Significant results were obtained: In the identification of the students' prior knowledge about the concept of wild-domestic animals, it was found that at one of the schools, although students passed from one grade to the next, they were not necessarily more able to distinguish among the animals; alligators, armadillos, and turtles were the species students mentioned most frequently in the two schools, and they were on their families’ food menus; keeping domestic and wild animals in the homes was common, and keeping multiple animals was frequently recorded; feelings of ‘want to kill’ and ‘fear/disgust’ were still quite common, especially with regard to reptiles, reflecting the need for greater investments in environmental education; absences due to illness were recurrent and were closely related with animals. The methodology is valid for ethnozoology and environmental education, and is appropriate for the socioeconomic and environmental realities of the schools.
Article
This study aimed to characterize theoretical and pedagogical concepts in distance education in the training/qualification of employees of the Unified Health System and to identify courses in distance education, supported in this context. The systematic search involved qualitative studies using the terms ‘distance education' and ‘health.' In all, 21 studies were selected to compose the meta-study, which consisted of three stages: Metatheory, metamethods, and meta-analysis. Four categories were identified in the metatheory: Constructivism; the pedagogy of Paulo Freire; continuing education in health; conceptions belonging specifically to distance education. The metamethods step found 11 experience reports; two case studies; three involved content analysis; one involved action research; and the another, discourse analysis. Marking results were found in the meta-analysis: Formation of learning communities; strengthening of management spaces; formation of network for projects in continuing education. The discussions emphasized strengthening the Unified Health System, the protagonism of the subjects, and the formation of care networks. It was noted that the study focuses on the more conceptual and theoretical aspects than on the methodological ones. Concepts supported in Constructivism, in continuing education in health, and in a theoretical framework of distance education itself were evident. In the studies, distance education was considered essential for training/qualifying professionals in the Unified Health System.
Article
Biosecurity is a central component to be taken into account in order for professionals to undertake their activities while minimizing damage to their health and to health service users. Educational institutions and teaching nurses play a fundamental role in this process. A qualitative descriptive exploratory research study was carried out to understand the teaching nurses' biosecurity practices during the supervision of the internship of students taking technical courses in nursing. Data were collected in 2012, with 11 teaching nurses from two institutions in the federal network of professional, scientific, and technological education in Southern Brazil. Methodological triangulation was done with data collected through a documental study, semi-structured interviews, and observation, guided by thematic content analysis of Bardin. The results showed that the teachers' actions in biosecurity are influenced by the availability of and access to materials and equipment, by the amount and quality of personal protective equipment, by the infrastructure of the healthcare institutions, by care institutions and teaching laboratories, and by their knowledge on the subject. It was concluded that the protective actions in the teaching practice are influenced by knowledge, by working conditions, and by the choice of subjects.
Article
Comic books are currently seen as a very effective didactic and pedagogical tool, capable, through their cultural curriculum, of bringing fun, feelings, and of helping one to live and behave in the world. This article aims to investigate the Almanaque Maluquinho: Julieta no mundo da culinária (Little Crazy Almanac: Juliet in the culinary world) comic book, acknowledging the educational role comic books can play, in order to determine whether this publication enables discussions on the exploring of different areas relevant to food education and whether it may become a strategy to bring awareness on the theme to children. We used discourse analysis, as it is a methodological tool that leads us to interpret the meanings of a text/image. The analysis was done in three stages: The analysis of the narrative context, through which we tried to understand the context in which the characters of the book are inserted; analysis of comics, for a better understanding of imagistic elements featured in the stories, and analysis of the recipes, through which each preparation contained in the book was evaluated to determine its collaboration in the food education discussion. Finally, the study sought to bring awareness about the look at the possibilities of inserting playfulness in a field of knowledge marked by prescriptions.
Article
The aim of this study was to get to know the scenario and build an overview of the scientific production in occupational therapy, work and health, and to identify how such publications have been being set up with regard to the production of knowledge, specifically in the development of empirical thought and in theoretical training in occupational therapy – how the discussions are being conducted, and based on which theoretical and methodological approaches references they are guided. The survey was conducted in the Pubmed, Lilacs and Cochrane Library databases, and the categories analyzed were Brazilian and international publications, publishing countries, year of publication, type of publication, magazines and areas of concentration, and concentration by topic and subject. It was concluded that the issue requires further theoretical and methodological discussions aiming to deepen the relationship between the fields of occupational therapy, work and health. With the approximation among the three fields and the relationships that could be established among them, it was observed that, in most cases, production in technical and academic spheres does not take the complex relationship between work and health into account.
Article
This study aimed to investigate the humanization of conceptions in articles published in Brazil in the field of training in health from January 2000 to June 2012. As a methodological process, the choice was for the review of the literature, and these describers were used: ‘Humanization,’ ‘humanism,’ and ‘humanization in training.’ Twenty-three articles were selected, and data analysis included the characterization of the publications and the discussion of the concepts on humanization featured in the analyzed documents. These concepts appearing in the articles pointed to the issue of the polysemy of the term humanization, which included other meanings, such as communication skills, respect for human life, ethics in relationships, living in groups well, a concept that guides practices. Humanization has proved to be a complex, extensive process involving institutional and personal conditions. The challenges that came up include the implementation of changes in undergraduate courses in health, making the subject of humanization a transverse axis in the curricula, which enhances a difference in undergraduate and continuing education in health.
Ensaio
This essay proposes a reflection on the relationship between work and emancipation in Marxist thought in the light of the dilemmas the left and working class organizations faced in the twentieth century. The main goal was to show how important thinkers and groups linked to Marxism contributed, in different ways, to forming the ideological foundations and to the concrete constitution of the two organizational models of production and social life that prevailed after the Second World War: The Fordist commitment in the advanced capitalist countries, and the Soviet model implemented in the USSR and disseminated by satellite countries that made up the socialist bloc. In this sense, the aim was to show that this action implied important dilemmas and tensions, particularly in the position in relation to the rationalization of work and the Taylorist methods of organizing production. Moreover, also shown was that the prevailing trend was an interpretation of Marx's theory that reduced the importance of the critique of industrial labor and of the wage earner, legitimizing a 'work society' project foreign to the essential foundations of the Marxian legacy. However, the crisis faced by these models, witnessed in the last decades of the last century, makes room for the reinvigora-tion of the most fertile aspects of Marx's critique of capitalist sociability.
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