Trabalho, Educação e Saúde - TES (Work, Education and Health) is an open access scientific journal, edited by the Joaquim Venâncio Polytechnic School of Health, from Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.
Editorial
Article
Developing nurse managerial competencies and Nursing Administration syllabuses led to reflections on the relationship between a political and pedagogical project for a graduate course and the profile of those who graduate from it, as proposed in the National Curricular Guidelines, and the nurse work market in Curitiba, in the Brazilian state of Paraná. The purpose of the descriptive-exploratory and qualitative survey was to identify convergences and divergences between the expectations identified in the political-pedagogical project and those of the managers who hire nurses. The Brazilian education and health policies were singled-out as determinant factors for qualification and teaching in Administration in the nursing area. The hermeneutic-dialectic analysis of the managerial competencies that are expected in the teaching and work market ambits was guided by the determinant axis, i.e., that of the structural dimension which covers these policies; of the particular dimension, represented by the local work market and by the teaching institution; and of the singular dimension, pertinent to the ambit of teaching Administration in Nursing. The results show the need for teaching to close the gap with the work market with regard to boosting the nurses' managerial competency beyond the technical dimension to include the communicational, ethical, political, and citizenship development realms.
Article
The purpose of this article is to describe the main changes that have taken place in mid-level technical professional education in the past ten years. The article emphasizes the curricular reorganization process that has been undertaken in the mid-level technical professional education for nursing in order to deal with the principles, guidelines, and concepts set forth by the policies that have been instituted in the education and health fields, the goal of which is to qualify health workers who have the required professional competency to review and redirect the reality of health in Brazil.
Article
The purpose of the article is to make a brief reconstitution of the trajectory of the National Association for Post-Graduation and Research in Education Work & Education's (Anped) Workgroup, identifying the theoretical principles that served as the base for the studies that attempted to understand, from different viewpoints, the work/education relationship. To do so, I cover the path followed by the conformation of the Brazilian critical educational thought, notably the period of re-democratization Brazil went through after the 1964 military coup. Furthermore, I also analyze the political context in which the Marxist theory was disseminated in educational research. Based on a few political and theoretical elements identified in this process, I attempt to problematize the theoretical limits of the studies on work and education that refer to the Marxist theory.
Article
The article discusses the importance communications have in the pharmacist/patient relationship in the Pharmaceutical Care process, in the ambit of this professional's performance in commercial and private pharmacies in both public and private systems. The article identifies factors that interfere with the communication process and discusses the importance of the health professionals' attitudes as allies in valuing communications with the patient, which, in turn, favors the therapeutics to be used. The goal is to discuss the importance of communications in the pharmacist/patient relationship as a professional pedagogic resource to develop a Pharmaceutical Care process. The relationship is formed by a learning process in which the pharmacist is a learning facilitator for his or her patient. His or her function is to provide proper information on medication use; to teach by not only conveying the information, rather by creating conditions for the patient to receive such information in a useful, effective manner, organizing strategies to learn the prescribed therapy.
Article
Permanent education and basic care have been part of the Brazilian health system from the beginning. These public policies were recently updated, leading to an innovative knowledge construction movement to support their implementation and consolidation. This study, which used a quantitative approach, attempted to single-out the main descriptors that must guide the permanent basic care education processes. The method originated at the University of North Carolina and is carried out in two stages. The data shown in this article concern the first stage, which includes these phases: elaboration of a diagram with all components to be assessed; analysis by a group of specialists, indicating what must be preserved, removed or included; evaluation by judges, based on the 1-to-5 Likert scale; verification of the agreement among the judges. The diagram was decomposed in four dimensions, seeking to answer these questions: for whom? audiences or target population; what? content modules and learning experiences; for what? competencies to be developed; and how? approach to be prioritized. The results showed the validity of the descriptors that were proposed and evaluated, a material that may contribute to decision-making regarding permanent basic care education.
Article
To achieve the professional profile that is expected from technical-level health qualifications, it is necessary to develop learning of distinct natures, denominated herein as belonging to the conceptual, technical, ethical, and political realms. In Brazil, such qualifications have been provided largely by the Single Health System's Technical Schools (SHSTS). Based on the assumption that these qualifications are largely guided by the technical dimension, to the detriment of the other ones, a study was carried out to analyze the curricula developed at the SHSTS aiming at identifying 'emphases' and 'reduction' in these schools' curricula. The study was carried out in the state of São Paulo and was based on the analysis of the schools' political and pedagogical projects and on interviews done with their directors and professors. The initial assumption was not validated, at least in part, since it was noticed that there was the intention to seek qualifications that highlighted ethical and political learning, in addition to a severe criticism of the so-called traditional education model that centers on practical training, replaced by a strong non-directive character in the teaching-learning process. The study also pointed, however, to a major reduction in the conceptual and technical dimensions, something that may be compromising the professional qualification proposal for the Single Health System.
Review
Resenha
Review
Ensaio
The purpose of this article is to show that the political forces in the National Congress, in alliance with sectors in the Executive, rendered the conservative liberal thought hegemonic in the educational field. As a result, they built a strategy based on which they were able to approve, in December 1996, the Guideline and Base Law (GBL), which is generalist in nature, particularly with regard to professional education. This fact allowed the technical education reform to be regulated via Decree # 2.208/97, originating at the Executive, promoting, thus, the separation between general and specific education in this mode of teaching, undermining the single school concept that had been proposed in the original project, inspired in educators who are connected to the Marxist line of thought in the educational field.
Debate
The main purpose of this contribution is with regard to a few of the main elements contained in the commented text. The first derives from the possible insufficiency of the notion of inclusion/exclusion to be considered as the base to interpret challenges such as of the policy for professional education in the Brazilian society, which is predominantly under the flexible accumulation system in a globalized order such as the current one. The second element, considered as of great meaning, is in the place the author puts for tension surrounding basic education in the debate on education for work in conditions such as those that were experienced in productive restructuring and productive process reorganization as the accelerated scientific and technological development that is occurring in all spheres of human life. Finally, to go deeper into the theme, it makes suggestions. The first would be through the character of the actual conflict of interests between those that live off of capital and those who live off of work, while the second via the concrete social movement of these actors as actions that extend beyond their legal formalization and of programs put in place, but, above all, what they represent in terms of contradictions, conflicting demands, confrontations, and co-options.
Debate
This article brings up two issues brought about by the instigating text by Kuenzer published in this edition. The first has to do with a few matters regarding professional qualification evoked in the introduction, unfolding in the discussion on professional education in the flexible production ambit. While dealing with such issues, extensive use was made of an article published a few years ago by this article's author dealing with the relationships established by educators with the relativistic concept of professional qualification. The second theme, which complements Kuenzer's discussion, has to do with the process of implementing educational reforms regarding middle education and technical-level professional education, put into motion in the 1990's and continued by the Lula administration. Elements involved in the two surveys the author participated in recently were used to develop the article.
Debate
This article comments on and debates a few ideas presented by Kuenzer in an article published in this edition regarding the perspective of the hegemonic contentions among the groups that occupy the State in its relationship with the civil society. We have resumed the analysis of the public forces that influenced the reform made by decree # 2.208/97 by discussing the choice made by the first Lula administration to redirect the public professional education policy towards the commitments taken-on with progressive sectors. Nonetheless, this process brought contradictions to the 'new' policy's content and form. Brazil's professional education, even in an era in which the technical and scientific base of production has become more complex, seeks to qualify people for simple work while using symbolic control devices in association with the idea of citizenship and social intervention. So far as complex work is concerned, the projects under discussion do not bring the needed science and technology production publicization under the spotlight, one that should be guided by the organic bind between the workers' omnilateral and polytechnic education, public policy for science and technology, and the design of a sovereign nation. We conclude this conception is neither hegemonic in the civil society nor a governmental priority. By analyzing these phenomena and their contradictions, we can learn with history
Debate
The purpose of this article is to debate professional education reforms and its adjustment to the social relations developed in capitalistic production. Initially, the text highlights how the theoretical production and political action spheres interrelate and differ from each other and, then, how, when it is impossible to solve the conflict between the individual and the consumer society, the liberal mindset transports the liberal economic theory to the neoliberal doctrine. It is in this context that not only the professional education reform undertaken in the 1990's, but the qualification and job concept movement to the competency and employability spheres become more compact. Finally, the text seeks to analyze professional education reform specificities in countries such as Brazil, where capitalism is dependent and development unequal and concerted. Such specificity keeps liberal and neoliberal thought from overcoming the dualistic view and leads to the establishment of clichés such as the current lack of qualified professionals to deal appropriately with the market demands. On the contrary, the text seeks to analyze the apparent contradiction between the lack of qualified labor and, meanwhile, the excess that causes the exodus of better-qualified young people to the international market.
Debate
The purpose of this article was to encourage the debate on the policies and programs that have been being offered to workers since the enactment of decree 2.208/97, justified by the discourse of inclusion, as a strategy to face the structural unemployment that characterizes the flexible accumulation system. Given the expressive production that already exists on the perverse impacts of the above-mentioned decree, an option was made to present, in synthesis, the results of the survey we have been undertaking in the past few years seeking to understand the categories that govern these policies and offers in this accumulation system. To do so, the article is divided into two parts; the first analyzes the categories that configure professional education in flexible accumulation emphasizing the flexible arrangements of differentiated competencies, to which general education and new scientific ant tacit knowledge combinations make decisive contributions as a result of competency intellectualization. The second part, meanwhile, analyzes the professional education policies that pinpoint the State's action in the flexible accumulation system: the increasing privatization movement underpinned by specific legislation, fragmentation, and the loss of quality in the paths that lead to qualification.
Interview
Miguel Márquez, sanitary doctor, born in Ecuador, has participated in the process of reorganisation of the health systems of several Latin-American countries, including Nicaragua after the Sandi-nist revolution, and Brazil, which resulted in the Single Health System. His experience in such processes is a result of his intense participation in the construction of the Cuban system after the socialist revolution. Living and working in Cuba for some years, Márquez works as a consultant for international health agencies. In the 1970s Doctor Márquez joined the Pan-American Health Organization to work with Human Resource development. At that time he met Brazilian health researchers and managers and took part in the structuring of the Large Scale Project (Projeto Larga Escala). His relationship with Brazil is earlier, though, dating back to his friendship with Brazilian sanitary doctors, such as Sergio Arouca, who lived in Cuba, a time when they both worked together. Miguel Márquez was interviewed during his visit to Joaquim Venâncio Polytechnical School of Health (EPSJV/Fiocruz) in March 2006, when he presented the inaugural class. The interview discusses issues that have distinguished Doctor Márquez as researcher and consultant for decades. Classical health issues are updated, taking into account globalised economies and the impasses reached by national States.
Experience Report
The Joaquim Venâncio Polytechnic School of Health, which belongs to the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (EPSJV/Fiocruz), has polytechnics as an axis for its technical formation, also incorporating research as an educational principle and education of sensibility, of the senses, and of feelings as its basic premises. These premises, articulated with the concept of work as an educational principle, are the base for a political and pedagogic project that fights against a historically hegemonic worker qualification project. The article reports on the experience of elaborating a first semester of technical qualification for EPSJV students, common in all technical accreditations, and that seeks to develop critical knowledge about the field of health with emphasis on Public Health. Created in 2002, the Basic Module, the first strategy with this objective, was evaluated in 2006 and turned into the Initiation to Polytechnic Education in Health in the following year. This report also reflected critically on such process.